@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

🌐 M4-R5 Unit 1 & 2: Introduction to IoT (Questions 1-20)

Section 1: IoT Basics & Architecture (1-10)

1. IoT ka full form kya hai?

• (A) Internet of Tobacco (B) Internet of Things
• Ans: B. (Matlab: Physical objects ka internet se judna aur data exchange karna.)

2. IoT ke “Father” kise mana jata hai?

• (A) Kevin Ashton (B) Vint Cerf
• Ans: A. (Unhone 1999 mein yeh term coin kiya tha.)

3. IoT devices ki mukhya visheshtha (characteristic) kya hai?

• (A) Connectivity (B) Sensing (C) Intelligence (D) All of the above
• Ans: D.

4. IoT ka “Logical Design” kis par adharit hota hai?

• (A) Hardware (B) Communication Model aur Functional Blocks
• Ans: B.

5. “Request-Response” communication model mein client kya karta hai?

• (A) Data ka intezaar karta hai. (B) Server ko request bhejta hai aur response ka wait karta hai.
• Ans: B.

6. IoT Architecture mein “Perception Layer” ka kya kaam hai?

• (A) Data ko store karna. (B) Sensors ke zariye physical data (temperature, light) ko collect karna.
• Ans: B. (Yeh sabse bottom layer hoti hai.)

7. IoT mein “Publisher-Subscriber” model ka example kaunsa protocol hai?

• (A) HTTP (B) MQTT
• Ans: B. (MQTT light-weight hota hai aur IoT ke liye best hai.)

8. IoT functional block mein “Security” ka kya mahatva hai?

• (A) Sirf data speed badhana. (B) Unauthorized access aur data leak se bachana.
• Ans: B.

9. Inme se kaunsa IoT ka application area hai?

• (A) Smart Home (B) Smart City (C) Healthcare (D) All of the above
• Ans: D.

10. IoT system mein “Gateway” ka kya role hai?

• (A) Different networks (local aur cloud) ke beech bridge ki tarah kaam karna.
• (B) Sirf battery charge karna.
• Ans: A.

Section 2: Things & Connections (11-20)

11. “Closed Loop System” kise kehte hain?

• (A) Jisme koi feedback nahi hota.
• (B) Jisme output ko monitor karke feedback loop ke zariye input ko control kiya jata hai.
• Ans: B. (Example: AC ka thermostat).

12. IoT process flow mein “Actuator” ka kya kaam hai?

• (A) Environment ko sense karna. (B) Controller ke signal par physical action lena (jaise motor chalana ya bulb on karna).
• Ans: B.

13. TCP/IP model mein kul kitni layers hoti hain?

• (A) 7 (B) 4
• Ans: B. (OSI model mein 7 hoti hain.)

14. Wired connectivity ke liye sabse common standard kaunsa hai?

• (A) Bluetooth (B) Ethernet (RJ-45)
• Ans: B.

15. “Wireless” connection ke liye short range (kam doori) ke liye kya best hai?

• (A) Bluetooth/Zigbee (B) 5G
• Ans: A.

16. OSI model ki “Network Layer” ka mukhya kaam kya hai?

• (A) Routing (B) Physical cable lagana.
• Ans: A. (Yahan IP addresses use hote hain.)

17. “Full Duplex” communication ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Ek waqt mein ek hi side se data jana.
• (B) Dono side se ek sath data ka aana-jana.
• Ans: B.

18. IP address (IPv4) kitne bit ka hota hai?

• (A) 32-bit (B) 128-bit
• Ans: A.

19. IoT mein “Feedback Loop” kyu zarori hai?

• (A) System ko automatic aur accurate banane ke liye.
• (B) Sirf design sundar dikhane ke liye.
• Ans: A.

20. IPv6 address kyu laya gaya?

• (A) Kyunki IPv4 ke addresses khatam ho rahe the aur IoT ko billions of addresses ki zaroorat hai.
• (B) Kyunki ye chota hota hai.
• Ans: A.

Quick Recap: Sensor vs Actuator

Section 3: Sensors & Their Characteristics (21-30)

21. “Transducer” ka mukhya kaam kya hota hai?

• (A) Signal ko block karna.
• (B) Energy ke ek roop (form) ko dusre roop mein badalna.
• Ans: B. (Jaise physical pressure ko electrical signal mein badalna.)

22. “Passive Sensor” kise kehte hain?

• (A) Jise kaam karne ke liye external power source ki zaroorat nahi hoti.
• (B) Jo bahut dheere kaam karta hai.
• Ans: A. (Example: LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)).

23. “Active Sensor” ka example kaunsa hai?

• (A) Thermocouple (B) Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ans: B. (Ise signal bhejane aur receive karne ke liye power chahiye hoti hai.)

24. Sensor ki “Accuracy” se kya matlab hai?

• (A) Measured value aur True value ke beech ka antar kitna kam hai.
• (B) Sensor kitna bada hai.
• Ans: A.

25. “Hysteresis” sensor ki kaunsi property hai?

• (A) Output ka input ke badlav par turant react karna.
• (B) Input badhne aur ghatne par output mein aane wala antar.
• Ans: B.

26. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) kis physical quantity ko measure karta hai?

• (A) Temperature (B) Light Intensity
• Ans: B. (Andhera hone par iska resistance badh jata hai.)

27. DHT11 sensor ka upyog kiske liye kiya jata hai?

• (A) Sound (B) Temperature aur Humidity (Nami).
• Ans: B.

28. Bina chhuye (without touch) kisi object ki doori pata karne ke liye kaunsa sensor best hai?

• (A) PIR Sensor (B) Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ans: B. (Yeh ‘Echo’ concept par kaam karta hai.)

29. PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor ka istemal kahan hota hai?

• (A) Motion detection (insani hulchul) ke liye.
• (B) Pani ka level check karne ke liye.
• Ans: A.

30. Sensor ki “Sensitivity” ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Input mein chote se badlav par output mein hone wala badlav.
• (B) Sensor ki keemat.
• Ans: A.

Section 4: Actuators & Microcontrollers (31-40)

31. Actuator ka mukhya function kya hai?

• (A) Data collect karna. (B) Electrical energy ko mechanical motion (movement) mein badalna.
• Ans: B.

32. “Solenoid Valve” kis tarah ka actuator hai?

• (A) Jo magnetic field ka use karke liquid ya gas ke flow ko control karta hai.
• (B) Jo sirf light jalata hai.
• Ans: A.

33. Microprocessor aur Microcontroller mein mukhya antar kya hai?

• (A) Microcontroller mein CPU, RAM, ROM aur I/O ports ek hi chip par hote hain.
• (B) Microprocessor zyada sasta hota hai.
• Ans: A. (Microcontroller ko “Computer on a chip” bhi kehte hain.)

34. Inme se kaunsa ek Microcontroller ka example hai?

• (A) Intel Core i7 (B) ATmega328P
• Ans: B. (Arduino Uno mein yahi use hota hai.)

35. Microcontroller ki “Clock Speed” kis mein measure ki jati hai?

• (A) Meters (B) Hertz/Megahertz (MHz)
• Ans: B.

36. “Stepping Motor” ka kya fayda hai?

• (A) Yeh bahut fast ghumti hai. (B) Yeh precise angle (degree) par rotate ho sakti hai.
• Ans: B. (Robot arms mein iska use hota hai.)

37. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ka upyog kyu kiya jata hai?

• (A) Digital signal se analog jaisa control pane ke liye (e.g. LED brightness kam/zyada karna).
• (B) Battery charge karne ke liye.
• Ans: A.

38. “Relay” ka IoT mein kya kaam hai?

• (A) Kam voltage se high voltage wale devices (jaise Fan/Bulb) ko switch on/off karna.
• (B) Internet ki speed badhana.
• Ans: A.

39. Microcontroller mein “GPIO” ka full form kya hai?

• (A) General Purpose Input Output (B) Global Protocol Input Output
• Ans: A.

40. Arduino board ko power dene ke liye kaunsa option sahi hai?

• (A) USB Cable (B) DC Jack/External Battery (C) Dono (A aur B)
• Ans: C.

Quick Table: Sensor vs Actuator Recap

Section 5: Arduino Platform & Hardware (41-50)

41. Arduino Uno board par kul kitne “Digital I/O Pins” hote hain?

• (A) 10 (B) 14
• Ans: B. (Note: Inme se 6 pins PWM support karte hain.)

42. Arduino mein “Analog Input” pins ki sankhya kitni hoti hai?

• (A) 6 (Pins A0 se A5) (B) 14
• Ans: A.

43. Arduino IDE mein likhe gaye program ko kya kaha jata hai?

• (A) Code (B) Sketch
• Ans: B.

44. Arduino program ke do mukhya (mandatory) functions kaunse hain?

• (A) start() aur stop() (B) setup() aur loop()
• Ans: B.

45. setup() function kitni baar execute hota hai?

• (A) Sirf ek baar, jab board start hota hai. (B) Baar-baar (infinite).
• Ans: A.

46. Arduino IDE mein code ko “Check” (Compile) karne ke liye kis icon par click karte hain?

• (A) Right arrow (B) Checkmark (Tick)
• Ans: B. (Isse “Verify” karna bhi kehte hain.)

47. Arduino mein 1 second ka delay dene ke liye kya likhenge?

• (A) delay(1); (B) delay(1000);
• Ans: B. (Kyunki unit milliseconds mein hoti hai.)

48. Arduino Uno ka “Operating Voltage” kitna hota hai?

• (A) 5V (B) 12V
• Ans: A.

49. Arduino mein computer se data receive karne ya bhejne ke liye kaunsa tool use hota hai?

• (A) Serial Monitor (B) Code Editor
• Ans: A.

50. ArduBlock kya hai?

• (A) Ek hardware component. (B) Ek Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool jo block-based programming allow karta hai.
• Ans: B.

Section 6: IoT Programming with ‘C’ (51-60)

51. Kisi pin ko “Input” ya “Output” set karne ke liye kaunsa function use hota hai?

• (A) digitalWrite() (B) pinMode()
• Ans: B. (Example: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);)

52. digitalWrite(13, HIGH); ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Pin 13 par 5V supply dena (LED ON karna). (B) Pin 13 se value read karna.
• Ans: A.

53. Variable declare karne ka sahi syntax kya hai (Arduino ‘C’ mein)?

• (A) int val = 10; (B) val := 10;
• Ans: A.

54. Analog sensor se value read karne ke liye kaunsa function use karenge?

• (A) digitalRead() (B) analogRead()
• Ans: B. (Yeh 0 se 1023 ke beech value deta hai.)

55. analogRead() ki return value ki range kya hoti hai?

• (A) 0-255 (B) 0-1023
• Ans: B. (Kyunki Arduino ka ADC 10-bit ka hota hai.)

56. Serial communication shuru karne ke liye setup() mein kya likhna zaroori hai?

• (A) Serial.begin(9600); (B) Serial.start();
• Ans: A. (9600 “Baud Rate” hai.)

57. “If-Else” statement ka sahi syntax kya hai?

• (A) if (condition) { } else { } (B) if condition then { }
• Ans: A.

58. Arduino mein “Infinite Loop” kahan chalta hai?

• (A) setup() function mein. (B) loop() function mein.
• Ans: B.

59. Inme se kaunsa ek “Bitwise Operator” hai?

• (A) && (B) &
• Ans: B.

60. Pin 13 se digital value (0 ya 1) lene ke liye function hai:

• (A) digitalRead(13); (B) analogRead(13);
• Ans: A.

Ab hum M4-R5 ke aakhri set (Questions 61-80) par aa gaye hain. Yeh section do alag par mahatvapurn hisson mein bata hai: IoT Security (jo system ko safe banati hai) aur Soft Skills (jo aapko ek professional banati hai).

Section 7: Security & Future of IoT Ecosystem (61-70)

61. IoT Security ki sabse badi chunauti (challenge) kya hai?

• (A) Devices ka bahut chota hona.
• (B) Billions of connected devices aur unka weak password setup.
• Ans: B.

62. “Data Encryption” ka IoT mein kya mahatva hai?

• (A) Data ki speed badhana.
• (B) Data ko aise code mein badalna taaki koi unauthorized vyakti use na padh sake.
• Ans: B.

63. “Botnet” attack kya hota hai?

• (A) Ek fast internet connection.
• (B) Hack kiye gaye hazaron IoT devices ka network jo kisi server par attack karne ke liye use ho.
• Ans: B.

64. IoT mein “Authentication” ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) User ki identity verify karna. (B) Device ko recycle karna.
• Ans: A.

65. “Physical Layer” security ka ek example hai:

• (A) Strong Password (B) Tamper-proof packaging (Device ko kholne se rokna).
• Ans: B.

66. IoT Ecosystem mein privacy khatam hone ka mukhya karan kya hai?

• (A) Constant data collection (Har waqt data collect hona). (B) Battery khatam hona.
• Ans: A.

67. Future IoT devices ke liye “Powerful CPU” ki zaroorat kyu hai?

• (A) Taki wo complex AI aur Security algorithms ko handle kar sakein.
• (B) Taki unka weight badh sake.
• Ans: A.

68. “Firewall” ka IoT network mein kya kaam hai?

• (A) Hardware ko thanda rakhna.
• (B) Incoming aur Outgoing traffic ko monitor aur filter karna.
• Ans: B.

69. Software updates/patches kyu zaroori hain?

• (A) Naye bugs aur security holes (vulnerabilities) ko theek karne ke liye.
• (B) Memory full karne ke liye.
• Ans: A.

70. “Zero-Day Vulnerability” kise kehte hain?

• (A) Jiska solution hacker ke paas nahi hai.
• (B) Aisi security galti jiska pata developer ko nahi hai aur uska koi fix available nahi hai.
• Ans: B.

Section 8: Soft Skills & Personality Development (71-80)

71. “Self-Esteem” (Aatmasamman) ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Dusron se darna. (B) Apni kabliyat aur mulyon (values) par vishwas hona.
• Ans: B.

72. Ek achhe “Communicator” ki sabse badi pehchan kya hai?

• (A) Bahut fast bolna. (B) “Active Listening” (Dusron ki baat ko dhyan se sunna).
• Ans: B.

73. “Body Language” kis tarah ka communication hai?

• (A) Verbal (B) Non-Verbal
• Ans: B. (Isme gestures, posture aur eye-contact aata hai.)

74. Professional writing (Email/Letters) mein kaisa tone hona chahiye?

• (A) Aggressive (B) Polite aur Clear
• Ans: B.

75. “Time Management” ka mukhya objective kya hai?

• (A) Kam waqt mein zyada aur sahi kaam karna (Productivity badhana).
• (B) Saara din kaam karte rehna.
• Ans: A.

76. “SWOT” analysis mein ‘S’ aur ‘W’ ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Smart aur Wise (B) Strengths (Takat) aur Weaknesses (Kamzori).
• Ans: B. (T: Threats, O: Opportunities).

77. Critical Thinking ka matlab kya hai?

• (A) Kisi bhi baat ko bina soche maan lena.
• (B) Information ko analyze karna aur logical faisla lena.
• Ans: B.

78. Team work mein “Conflict Resolution” kyu zaroori hai?

• (A) Ladai badhane ke liye. (B) Matbhedon (disagreements) ko suljha kar kaam jaari rakhne ke liye.
• Ans: B.

79. Interview ke waqt “Eye Contact” rakhna kya darshata hai?

• (A) Confidence (B) Rude behavior
• Ans: A.

80. Personality development mein “Positive Attitude” ka kya asar hota hai?

• (A) Yeh mushkil situations ko handle karne mein madad karta hai.
• (B) Iska koi asar nahi hota.
• Ans: A.

Section 11: Advanced Arduino & IoT Protocols (81-90)

81. Arduino mein “Flash Memory” ka kya upyog hota hai?

• (A) Variables ko temporarily store karne ke liye.
• (B) Arduino Sketch (Code) ko permanently store karne ke liye.
• Ans: B. (Variable storage ke liye RAM use hoti hai.)

82. MQTT protocol mein “Broker” ka kya kaam hai?

• (A) Code likhna.
• (B) Messages ko receive karna aur sahi “Subscribers” tak pahunchana.
• Ans: B.

83. Arduino Uno mein kis microcontroller chip ka istemal hota hai?

• (A) ATmega2560 (B) ATmega328P
• Ans: B. (ATmega2560 Arduino Mega mein hota hai.)

84. IoT mein “Fog Computing” ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Data ko cloud ke bajaye network ke kinare (Edge) par process karna.
• (B) Mausam ki jankari nikalna.
• Ans: A. (Isse speed badhti hai aur latency kam hoti hai.)

85. “6LoWPAN” ka full form kya hai?

• (A) Low Power Wireless Area Network.
• (B) IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks.
• Ans: B.

86. Arduino IDE mein “Serial Plotter” ka kya upyog hai?

• (A) Sirf text dekhne ke liye.
• (B) Incoming data (jaise sensor values) ko real-time graph mein dekhne ke liye.
• Ans: B.

87. “CoAP” protocol kis transport layer protocol par adharit hai?

• (A) TCP (B) UDP
• Ans: B. (Isliye yeh HTTP se zyada fast aur light-weight hai.)

88. Arduino mein uint8_t data type ki range kya hoti hai?

• (A) -128 to 127 (B) 0 to 255
• Ans: B. (Yeh 8-bit unsigned integer hota hai.)

89. “Duty Cycle” ka PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mein kya matlab hai?

• (A) Signal ke ON rehne ka samay (percentage mein).
• (B) Signal ki total frequency.
• Ans: A.

90. IoT device ke “Discovery” phase ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Device ka toot jana.
• (B) Network par naye device ko pehchanna aur register karna.
• Ans: B.

Section 12: Professional Ethics & Personality (91-100)

91. “Ethics” ka professional life mein kya matlab hai?

• (A) Sirf paisa kamana. (B) Kaam ke dauran sahi aur galat ke beech fark karna aur imaandari bartna.
• Ans: B.

92. “Intrapersonal Communication” kise kehte hain?

• (A) Do logon ke beech baat-cheet. (B) Apne aap se baat karna (Self-talk/Thinking).
• Ans: B.

93. “Brainstorming” technique ka upyog kyu hota hai?

• (A) Sirf time pass ke liye. (B) Naye aur creative ideas generate karne ke liye.
• Ans: B.

94. “Workplace Diversity” ka kya fayda hai?

• (A) Alag-alag backgrounds aur ideas se behtar problem-solving hona.
• (B) Kaam mein deri hona.
• Ans: A.

95. “Active Listening” mein ‘Feedback’ kab dena chahiye?

• (A) Jab samne wala bol raha ho. (B) Jab samne wala apni baat poori kar le.
• Ans: B.

96. “Hard Skills” aur “Soft Skills” mein kya antar hai?

• (A) Hard skills technical hoti hain (e.g. Coding), Soft skills interpersonal (e.g. Teamwork).
• (B) Dono ek hi hain.
• Ans: A.

97. “Leadership” mein ‘Delegation’ ka kya matlab hai?

• (A) Saara kaam khud karna. (B) Zimmedariyon ko team members ke beech sahi se baantna.
• Ans: B.

98. “Email Etiquette” ke anusar ‘Subject Line’ kaisi honi chahiye?

• (A) Bahut lambi aur confuse karne wali. (B) Short, clear aur relevant.
• Ans: B.

99. “Motivation” ke do mukhya prakar kaunse hain?

• (A) Fast aur Slow (B) Intrinsic (Internal) aur Extrinsic (External).
• Ans: B.

100. “Stress” ko manage karne ke liye ‘Prioritization’ kyu zaroori hai?

• (A) Taki sabse zaruri kaam pehle khatam ho aur pressure kam ho.
• (B) Taki saara kaam ek sath ho sake.
• Ans: A.

IoT Communication Protocols Summary